Many types of crime exist. Web site. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 0000000656 00000 n might provide some more clues to the rate/placement of the burglaries. The cases are distributed between men and women, with both experiencing incidences of physical violence and rape. [3] Tactical Crime Analysis. Beaverton compares well in other areas of violent and irreversible crime, too. Overall System Design In the past few years, crime analysis has continued to expand in law enforcement agencies across the globe. Government and organized crime Retrieved from Gallup: http://www.gallup.com/poll/123638/in-u.s.-two-thirds-continue-support-death-penalty.aspx, In a recently-conducted survey, the following 10 metropolitan cities had low to very low crime rates: Scottsdale (AZ), Plano (TX), Virginia Beach (VA), Fremont (CA), Honolulu (HI), San Jose (CA), Anaheim (CA), Fort ayne (in), Santa Ana (CA), and Garland (TX). Without doubt, African-Americans have made a substantial contribution as to what the United States is as a nation. Retrieved from http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/law30/criminal/lesson6/6a.html, The broken windows concept likely did contribute to crime reduction in New York City; the fact that a specific focus on "quality-of-life" and nuisance crimes roughly coincided with the introduction of Compstat makes it even harder to credit each with its specific effects, much less exclusively. The personnel must be trained in the use and proper management of digital forensic laboratories and high technology crime detection and investigation. A comparison of this number to the number of officers in other cities makes it clear why crime is kept so low -- they have one of the highest number of officers per capita of any city in Oregon. For this reason, it seems reasonable to surmise that an adequate number of law enforcement officers exists in Beaverton. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-savir.19, M1D2 My People. "Impact of the introduction of television on crime in the United States: empirical findings and theoretical implications." {@*}_ 5GRsi'7y@59sS)Z7f+c G.afBqIjseC75X~']Mq82e M>8^7eLB\:Rt$B]gD%,F1`sAcF+w^C`H(Zq(VA"{q={@ifLL` M{ Corrections Today, 70 (1); 48-49, 51-52. "Information on Crime, Crime Statistics, Crime Rates, Violent Crime, Crime News, Crime Prevention." Perceived social images of the nature of major crimes & Evison, M.P. 0000020780 00000 n 8th ed. Handbook of organized crime in the United States (R. J. Kelly, K. Chin, & R. Schatzberg, Ed.). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. Aside from its potential to integrate and aggregate a host of resources and technologies, Cloud Computing can most prominently benefit the enterprise, Many people using illicit and illegal drugs often have no impulse control and may turn violent or to another form of crime. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. 16 October 2007. http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:Rv5FYusFZ4gJ:www.iaca.net/ExploringCA/exploringca_chapter1.pdf+importance+of+analysis+of+crime&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=ukFundamentalsof. For example, narcotics intelligence units do not share intelligence beyond their units, and street gang intelligence units do the same. Crime is quite a complex subject which can be divided into two different categories: natural crime and legal crime. The classical school. This kind of technology makes it difficult for one to get away with parking, speeding or any other kinds of violations. McMahon, Patrick. 6 18 It is an unfortunate fact of modern society that crime and criminal activity are part of our world today. Fear of Crime Revisited: Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Disorder, Risk Perception, and Social Capital. Levinson, D. (2012). This type of crime analysis looks at the short-term problem solving in order to stop what is currently taking place, for example, a crime spree. Chicago: Jonnes and Bartlett. Sweeten thus wants his study to take these into account, which is why he decides to draw data from the National Longitudinal Survey, which is administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistic. Elastic Computing is the utilization of the Cloud's nearly limitless scalability to provision resources on demand and at scale without conventional architectural concerns associated with doing so on-premise such as: Community Trust & the Legitimacy of Policing, https://www.policinginstitute.org/publication/crime-analysis-case-studies/. For example, Lawrence Sherman . It is interesting to see, then, if weather contributes to these low crime rates. Victims of 1999 hate-crime shooting endorse Mike Feuer. One of the most common signature aspects is the calling card, or tattooing of the dead bodies, use of excessive force, leaving notes behind and many more. Each of these components makes up a "side" in the Crime Prevention Triangle, and if you take away any one of the three, a crime cannot occur: This is good news because if this theory holds . The collection of crime data in the United States is carried out through different approaches including Uniform Crime eports and the National Incident-Based eporting System, which also act as the two primary sources of crime data for crime reporting. Another existing mode of measuring crime severity is that of economic models. True. As these three robberies bear striking similarities to one another, the robberies may be considered a crime series. The Story of the Jews. Newport, F. (2009, October 13). Either Jewish groups shouldn't be labeled Organized Crime or the definition of that term should be re-examined. Three common soft skills for a crime analyst are empathy, good judgment and . Doing so reinforces the notion that the application of data-driven strategies, such as hotspots policing, problem-oriented policing, and intelligence-led policing, work. 2009: 143). 2.7. Criminology- Theory Research and Policy. A series of new capabilities have been added: Add Graphics Layer, Colocation Analysis tool, Density-based Clustering tool, Link Charts, and Reports. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 2(2), 59-63. http://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.80368, Employment Law Is as Important as Knowledge of Criminal Law to the Security Manager These theories and analyses also benefit from computer and Internet technology, where tendencies in crime can be more easily discerned by the patterns that remerge from the collation of data, Bruce C.W. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from http://www.minddisorders.com/Flu-Inv/Hare-Psychopathy-Checklist.html, Hwakins, (2012). The measurement of crime is done with the objective of monitoring and this is mostly done in the same manner as the measurement of "consumer prices, stock market activity, traffic fatalities, population, unemployment, and HIV infection rates" (Maxfield & Babbie, 2011). Retrieved January 5, 2015, from http://www.iaca.net/dc_analyst_role.asp, (2005). Retrieved February 7, 2011, from Criminal Justice Periodicals. Thus, this trial emerged just a few short years after that crackdown began as an example of the type of issues the city was having. Retrieved February 2, 2013, from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=-Z_xfTn1hT8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Research+Methods+for+Criminal+Justice+and+Criminology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=McwOUfO7PLCV0QXx0oDIBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA, The table below summarizes the relationship between the variables and measures that will be used for the study: Y Today, unlike two or three decades ago, there are a wide range of hi-tech security devices that have been specifically developed to help in fighting crime. Extra law enforcement officers are not necessary and might actually be a burden in the community of Beaverton, Oregon. Tita, G., Troshynski, E. & Graves, M. (2007). endstream endobj startxref Perceived level of seriousness on the following minor crimes: Retrieved January 5, 2015, from http://csitoday.blogspot.com/2011/08/technology-and-crime-analysis.html, (n.d.). One's conduct or deeds turn into a crime or an offence via a progression of societal or communal conditioning. 0000020044 00000 n This is especially true when discussing events or topics of various types. =`Y 3(}?IcN6 >whS?szwP`l_A;[t;%Ro ^P60Uo'z :5*{Cvd:b,7^/ANCB5-(D"IS#71I C`P0v M8C*R+Ri=>(u{N\#W2h &'{CTT/fiF#1T!u|$|4OpWwh@`5Hq~ wEHEb02!_Hq>c?t IO6c^ W8~ Xgf\3 " K?EGU},?|mRvp;Ha42*KjY}A[ 5i&Df83s^7$d9'}(zXg? At the same time, analysts are usually not police officers and may not be aware of how police respond to crime problems (both tactically and strategically), or what types of products will be most useful. (2006). This means that jobs in the Criminal Intelligence Bureau will still be attractive., e. D (0), the cost of fighting crime / proportion of corrections i.e. When initially the psychotropic substance like cocaine or amphetamine is used, some changes take place in the brain and these changes then influence a cycle of addiction. The purpose of this essay is to explore this case study, and apply the research to the current, Travis, L.F., III. Bollhofer, B. However, blacks and Hispanics are, Stu Dents Charges "The Sorrow Songs" is a message that is related to the spirituality of the African-American people. It uses criminal means to support a national and religious ideology. He was also ordered to forfeit $50 million in assets, pay more than $41 million in restitution to government agencies and insurance companies victimized by the scheme." 4, 199-207. In practice, the NIBS, Crime vs. Our Dirty Little Secret is No More. Provide examples of how this documentation benefits the study and explain how it does so. As Bruce and Santos (2011) point out, a crime series is a group of similarcrimesthought to be committed by the same individual or group of individuals acting in concert (p. 3). According to the records by the FBI, in 2016, Indianapolis registered 7,099 cases of aggravated assault, the highest among the cities (FBI, 2016). Now that we have two good possibilities, let's look at what needs to be included in our response plan: an outline of each potential response, EMPLOYMENT LAW IS AS IMPOTANT AS CIMINAL LAW Print. A comparison of this number to the number of officers in other cities makes it clear why crime is kept so low -- they have one of the highest number of officers per capita of any city in Oregon. One basic premise of the, crime doesn't pay sometimes is a whole point which can't be applicable, especially when you're trusted with the management of multi-billion dollar corporation, and to be in charge of, Race, Class & Crime Many escaped China and relocated to Hong Kong, and then immigrated. Crime mapping is. American Psychological Association, Vol. Awokunle 1 Precious I Awokunle Professor DeWalt ENGL 1301/0219 Feb. 1, . FBI. The Ethics of Civilian Field Research in Policing: Deploy now This ArcGIS Solution can be deployed in your ArcGIS organization. The time period of this trial is the year 1904. Crime analysis is one of the most important processes in the fight against crime and efforts towards enhancing the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in dealing with crime. Criminal Law (10th ed.). Crime analysis and crime investigation are the methods by which criminologists study and prevent crime. The second most common hard skill for a crime analyst is aml appearing on 6.5% of resumes. 4. maintain complete and current study site files? One basic premise of the Age-Graded criminology and informal social control theory was that, whilst experiences of childhood and personality traits are vital to comprehending behavioral stability, teenage and adulthood experiences can readdress criminal paths either more negatively or positively. Focus crime analysis on approaches that examine people, places, patterns, and problems. In the contemporary society, there are various crimes that are experienced and in response there have been varied crime analysis techniques that have been employed to ensure the crimes are reduced to the minimum possible. Edmonton, AB: Author. In essence, the changing international stage and the disappearance of boundaries and barriers between counties and nations provide the opportunity for criminal organizations to grow. National Incident-Based Reporting System. 27 Apr. Strategic crime analysis helps police departments make their own administrative decisions with the resources they have available, using crime data to distribute human and financial resources accordingly. Natural crime is something which is not written; it is determined by the society you live in and most. Forensic Access. Consider expanding the work on specific problemspeople, locations, and callsthat are using a lot of resources. The following steps can help you format and write your analysis: Choose your argument. Identifying trends and patterns helps law enforcement administrators and public officials to direct resources, Part 1: Crime Analysis ReportAggravated battery is a major problem globally. Friedman, Jeanette, (1996). Conclusion Covering all aspects of serial crime investigation, the book explores: Major problems and issues within serial crime. This study seeks to strengthen the practice of policing by demonstrating the effectiveness of the problem-oriented policing. Storage -- Storage in on-premise environments is significantly more costly than Cloud-based storage, and was the principle reason that the philosophy of minimizing data within a physical warehouse was derived. Most of those ethical issues are directly and effectively addressable through specific guidelines and protocols. Does Victim Gender Increase Sentencing Severity? valuefor example, as a product rather than a source of analysis. With increased strength of familial and workplace bonds, deviancy and criminality in the non-delinquent control group as well as in criminals decreased. One is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) by the Bureau of Justice Standards (BJS), which encompasses reported and unreported crime from the perspective, Criminology The methods will also be looked into in addition to the benefits the technology has for investigative authorities and for the community. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 24(1), 32-49. Frequency of watching TV crime programs This concept heavily underlines the UK approach called 'neighbourhood policing,' "a truly local policing style: local people working with local police and partners to identify and tackle issues of concern in their neighbourhood" (About safer neighbourhoods, 2014, Metropolitan Police). '%W|DE36Ekis The Map Template is simply an example of how a final crime analysis map should appear; the map is in Adobe .pdf format. According to a comprehensive review conducted jointly by the U.S. Department, Hirschel, D. "Expanding Police Ability to Report Crime" The National Incident-Based. The primary purpose of crime analysis is to determine trends or patterns. There will be no restrictions on. Where do we go from here? More so, this caused the United States to question itself, whether it actually was the, Craven. Emanuel, S. (1997). Available from, "The Manson Snyder Interviews." immigration, culture, and crime. Testing a promising homicide reduction strategy: re-assessing the impact of the Indianapolis pulling levers intervention. 3R `j[~ : w! Hall, N. (2005). The fact that eaverton keeps it crime rates so low with only one hundred and twenty officers (and twenty-nine civilians) is also a testament to the area's probable affluence. Considering that crime analysis is a continuous process, it experiences changes and keeps evolving in a bid to improve the entire operations and enhance the results obtained. According to them, narratives of life history, together with quantitative techniques may be utilized for creating a more complete and richer image of why certain adult males, crime doesn't pay sometimes is a whole point which can't be applicable, especially when you're trusted with the management of multi-billion dollar corporation, and to be in charge of the well -- being of thousand of people. Drug affects the dopamine receptors that are present in the brain and the individual is flooded with the desirable emotions by using dopamine, these desirable emotions are considered to be the reward for using the substance (Pinel, 2009). The FBI document the crimes that are experienced across the U.S.A. By recording and tabulating the crimes bot only by the number of people arrested but more significantly by the number of arrests that are made and the type of crime that prompted the arrest. (and please do not forget to include a reference!) Historically, South Africa was colonized under a brutish Apartheid system where there was a clear distinction in South Africa between the various divisions of the population before 1991. Free shipping for many products! Examples of administrative crime analysis tasks include: providing economic, geographic, and law enforcement information to police management, City Administration, City Council, and neighborhood/citizen groups. On March 9th, 2013, two New York City police officers shot and killed a sixteen-year-old Kimani Gray, and claimed afterward that he had brandished a handgun at them after being told to show his hands (Goodman, 2013). The five major types of crime analysis" intelligence analysis, criminal investigative analysis, tactical crime analysis, strategic crime analysis, and administrative crime analysis"differ from one another in purpose, scope, data, and analysis techniques. 0 Crime Analysis is typically implemented by law enforcement agencies that want to use data-driven strategies to reduce crime and improve police operations. These are acts which are the direct violation of the law which varies from state to state and country to country (Finnis, 2007). FoxNews.com. The Baseline Killer. Just from looking at the way these crime statistics compare to those of other similar-sized cities, it would be reasonable to assume that eaverton is slightly more affluent than average. Crime analysis is mostly conducted in small police agencies in the United States. (2003) Ashley relates that the first Eurasian organized crime investigation of a significant nature involved a major underworld figure in the United States and specifically, Vyacheslav Ivankov who is a powerful Eurasian organized crime boss. Community policing: Comparative aspects of community oriented police work. The current rates of crime for different crime types, Crime and Punishment However, both theories are important in that they provide a basis from which to understand, intercept and prosecute criminal behavior. EBSCO Permalink: http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=14236432&site=eds-live, Wahyuni, D. (2012). This study was intended to provide insights into the attitudes and perceptions about crime in the local area. This is especially true when discussing events or topics of various types. Hall M, (2009) Victims of Crime: Policy and Practice in Criminal Justice (Cullompton: Willan). In the Supreme Court of the United States." Edward H. Sutherland (nd) Differential Association Theory. An analysis of the crime rates and the reasons behind the variance in crime rates is also of essence here. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Baldwin, James. (2006). Deploy now Of those that do employ crime analysis, many may not fully understand or accept this approach, or use it to its potential. Crime pattern analysis system. Retrieved 15 Oct 2007. http://www.mcknight.org/hotissues/framing_youth.aspx, O'Connor, T. (2005). Identifying trends and patterns helps law enforcement administrators and public officials to direct resources appropriately in order to prevent and respond to crime. Aldershot: Gower. The most common hard skill for a crime analyst is criminal justice. Disruption of High School Graduation by Arrest and Court Involvement." Keel, R. (2004) Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory. Only legal crime can be processed/punished by the Criminal Justice System. These are not necessary in killing of victims but are a sign of claiming the crime (John E. Douglas, 2011). The individuals given tickets have also been able to save a lot of time by paying for tickets online. The author of this report has been asked to revisit the case of Stu Dents and the litany of crimes he is alleged to have committed, Criminal Minds Du Bois. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Introduction to Crime Analysis: Basic Resources for Criminal Justice Practice b at the best online prices at eBay! The Crime Analysis Product Bank is a collection of Crime Analysis products provided by a number of crime analysts from police agencies across the United States. I recognize that crime analysis has . Hennigan, K., L. Heath, and J. Wharton. by Dr. Laura Wyckoff, Bureau of Justice Assistance Fellow. Conlon, B., Harris, S., Nagel, J., Hillman, M., & Hanson, R. (2008). Retrieved 30 November 2015 from:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-craven/please-stop-telling-me-th_b_6223072.html. She notes that "the attitude develops slowly as the other factors of iconic status and high levels of success consume the individual right up to a feeling of invincibility" (p. 17). Selling marijuana is also ranked less severe than selling harder drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or LSD" (amchand et al. Alanezi, F. (2010). (2008). Each case study draws upon an analysts experience, training, and basic problem-solving skills; however, several draw upon the problem-analysis process as well. Challenging assumptions: The association between substance use and criminal behaviour. On March 9th, 2013, two New York City police officers shot and killed a sixteen-year-old Kimani Gray, and claimed afterward that he had brandished a handgun at them, S. Why or why not? Since the year 1973, violent crime has been on the decline. Vito, G.M. (Area Vibes, 2012) Brisman, A. Retrieved February 2, 2013, from http://www.jrsa.org/ibrrc/background-status/advantages.shtml, Brown, S.E., Esbensen, F., & Geis, G. (2013). Jennings (2004b) identified common red flags that would point to corporate counsel that an investigation into the accounting of the firm might be in order. Finally, tactical crime analyses are for making immediate decisions. Information sheet guidance for sponsors, clinical investigators, and IRBs: Frequently asked questions-Statement of the Investigator (Form FDA 1572). Introductory Guide to Crime Analysis and Mapping Written by: Rachel Boba, Ph.D. Director, Crime Mapping Laboratory Police Foundation . Administrative crime analysis helps municipalities plan their resources, and is especially important for making financial and human resources decisions, as well as evidence-based changes to public policy. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/6245_Chapter_7_Boba_Final_PDF_4.pdf, An example of a spree killing could be July 22nd, 2011's incident in Norway when Anders Behring Breivik carried out a series of attacks. As gains are made it is important to understand the root causes of these results in order to better adapt the ever changing environment that creates new problems in this type of battle. In practice, the NIBS does provide a reliable method for estimating the incidence of those types of crimes that are defined similarly in the NIBS and in other data collection methods and in reporting jurisdictions covered by the NIBS. Council of Europe / Organised crime Crime analysis Best Practice Survey No 4 . eferences IACA Home. The time period of this trial is the year 1904., Honeypot and Honeynet Emerging Technologies Three specific stories which deal with crime and, Andrews, William L., Frances Smith. It is estimated that the population of South Africa is 49.9 million people of whom the black Africans make up the 79.4% of the population and are also divided into various ethnic groups. In many cases, this saves time, not only for law enforcement officials, but also for the individuals who have been fined, if it is a violation that they have agreed that they have committed. (2011, June). Similarly, median incomes/home prices for each given area might be important elements. New York: Behrman House. The criminal intelligence personnel form the first pillar. The Criminal Intelligence Bureau has a strategic plan founded on four pillars. Offender spatial behavior. In some cases, tool names have also been changed. Clark, D., Berson, T., & Lin, H.S. The information provided helps the FBI in the fight against crime in the country. Ypdcrime.com. Types of, An example of a spree killing could be July 22nd, 2011's incident in Norway when Anders Behring Breivik carried out a series of attacks. (n.d.) Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps. (2014). Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, Vol. 2012. . They also work to help police identify where a crime is about to take place in an effort to prevent said crime from occurring. Its grounding in the promotion of Jewish rights likens it more to the terrorist groups of today than with the Sicilian mob of the 40s. Press. Zimmerman's (2007) case study investigated this struggle within the city of Boston, MA. Strategies for reducing gun violence: The role of gangs, drugs, and firearm accessibility. orks Cited Examples of administrative crime analysis tasks include grant writing, feasibility studies, and the preparation of special research projects. If you are interested in authoring a TTA Today blog post on the work of your organization or jurisdiction, please email us at [email protected]. Violent crime in the United States is common. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-06-green-usat_x.htm, "Northern Illinois University Shooting: Dekalb Illinois." Problem-oriented policing (POP) means diagnosing and solving problems that are increasing crime risks, usually in areas that are seeing comparatively high levels of crime (e.g., "hot spots"). "Fear, authority, and justice: crime-related TV viewing and endorsements of capital punishment and gun ownership." "Labeling theory of crime." Since the year 1973, violent, technology utilized for crime analysis. There is a high rate of violent crime in the United States. With this information, the FBI puts efforts to ensure that crime rates in the country lower. hbbd``b` N@ H0WS> "H @ 3@BSd(#1 - (2004). Sage Publications, 2006. Furthermore, it also provides for the possibility of greater interaction between criminal organizations and governments that may be dependent on these organizations for certain political and social needs. This initiative has a number of training and technical assistance opportunities focused on increasing crime analysis capacity in agencies across the nation. Stop Crime, Be a Human first American Journal of Criminal Justice, 120-137. Mostly, the managers are expected to wear their "human resources hat" to be able to understand the rights and welfare of their co-workers. The knowledge is critical whilst dealing with issues or situations that may arise with regards to other employees.. 3. This is coupled by the high unemployment rate and the current recession in the private industry. The Story of the Jews. 1957. Secondly, the Criminal Intelligence Bureau aims at providing support to intelligence personnel via directions given by the leadership of the organization. For example, Steve Gottlieb defined crime analysis as a set of systematic, analytical processes directed at providing timely and pertinent information relative to crime patterns and trend correlations to assist operational and administrative personnel in planning the deployment of resources for the prevention and suppression of criminal According to the. Self-ratings on attitude statements about the respondent's level of concern about issues concerning crime and public safety The same deed can be regarded, Crime of Conspiracy Why Do We Punish? Xenophobia in South Africa. Curry, Theodore ., Lee, Gang, & odriquez, S. Fernando (2004). Reports. Wakefield, A., & Fleming, J. Retrieved from: http://www.crimeinamerica.net/2011/02/22/top-10-factors-contributing-to-violent-crime/, The view, for example, of criminal behavior from a labeling perspective tends to focus on the social and cultural background from which the criminal emerges; and Rational Choice theory stresses individual decision-making and culpability in crime. More remarkable than the New York Police Department's killing of a young black male, however, was the outpouring of community grief and anger that followed the shooting. Examples of specialty crime analyst include all BUT: Information systems analyst. Just from looking at the way these crime statistics compare to those of other similar-sized cities, it would be reasonable to assume that Beaverton is slightly more affluent than average. The initial explosion of Big Data largely involved Hadoop as a means of accessing semi-structured and unstructured data, and came to result in organizations attempting to utilize it as an integration hub for their proprietary, on premise data and those that were otherwise. Retrieved 15 Oct 2007. http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume2/j2_2_7.htm, Resources: framing the issue." (1999) the Economist August 28, 1999 the Makings of a Molotov Cocktail. These components are 1) adoption of new analytical techniques and intelligence-driven policing strategies for violence reduction; 2) investment in analytical personnel; and 3) the use of geographic information systems-based analysis. Technology used in crime analysis His mother was passive. Theory: Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control Fijnaut, C. (2011). 6 Nov. 2003. hWKo6W*lEo6]uuKz`$fWUNl"CfkkRhwtoH$TwU$I m*+}Y=< jZg#MW*mD%$AM\T%l8k+g}(#5QL @M\39= AQb7DtV@+R` `?s9Ii1Pko-8 HYvq U1D1Z!w^\I x2B9H?f^vk{Cs?I For each section of the system dealing with major and minor investigations, appropriate equipments, modern electronic gadgets and data processing systems must be provided and they must also be upgraded frequently.