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Stomach. It consists of areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers. As is the case with all body systems, the digestive system does not work in isolation; it functions cooperatively with the other systems of the body. Once food products enter the small intestine, the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas release secretionssuch as bile and enzymesessential for digestion to continue. Mucosa: epithelium - secretion and absorption; lamina propria - nutrient absorption; muscularis muscosae - increases surface area (for digestion & absorption) 2. submucosa: receive absorbed food molecules 3. Describe the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract walls, including locations. The mucosa is the innermost layer, and functions in absorption and secretion. The lamina propria also serves an immune function by housing clusters of lymphocytes, making up the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The mucosa is referred to as a mucous membrane, because mucus production is a characteristic feature of gut epithelium. Extrinsic innervations of the alimentary canal are provided by the autonomic nervous system, which includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. As its name implies, the submucosa lies immediately beneath the mucosa. Rather, this blood is diverted to the liver where its nutrients are off-loaded for processing before blood completes its circuit back to the heart. Three C. Four Correct D. Five The tissue layers that compose the walls of the GI tract are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. An important one of these folds is the mesentery which attaches the small intestine to the body wall allowing for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels to have a secure structure to travel through on their way to and from the small intestine. Support/stabilize the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity and route for blood. An abdominal series provides valuable information as to the presence of free intra- or retroperitoneal air. Esophagus. Throughout its length, the alimentary tract is composed of the same four tissue layers; the details of their structural arrangements vary to fit their specific functions. Mucosa is the moist innermost layer; it lines the cavity of the organ. { "22.5A:_Mucosa" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.5B:_Submucosa" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.5C:_Muscularis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.5D:_Serosa" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.01:_Overview_of_the_Digestive_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.02:_Nervous_System_of_the_Digestive_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.03:_The_Peritoneum" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.04:_The_Alimentary_Canal" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.05:_Layers_of_the_Alimentary_Canal" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.07:_The_Liver" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.08:_The_Gallbladder" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.09:_The_Pancreas" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.10:_The_Small_Intestine" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.11:_The_Large_Intestine" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.12:_Chemical_Digestion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.13:_Absorption" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.14:_Phases_of_Digestion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.6:_The_Stomach" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)%2F22%253A_Digestive_System%2F22.05%253A_Layers_of_the_Alimentary_Canal%2F22.5A%253A_Mucosa, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Describe the structure and function of the mucosa of the GI tract. Additionally, it serves as a conduit for a dense branching network of nerves, the submucosal plexus, which functions as described below. The space shared between the digestive and respiratory tracts. Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscularis externa. Along the way, note how the food changes consistency and form. The visceral peritoneum includes multiple large folds that envelope various abdominal organs, holding them to the dorsal surface of the body wall. Name the major functions of the large intestine. Name the nutrient that may be related to each of the following: a. iron-deficiency anemia b. osteoporosis c. dehydration d. high blood pressure. Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels present in this layer provide nutrients to the epithelial layer, distribute hormones produced in the epithelium, and absorb end products of digestion from the lumen. Even after development is complete, they maintain a connection to the gut by way of ducts. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-1-overview-of-the-digestive-system, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Blood supplies digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients, Endocrine hormones help regulate secretion in digestive glands and accessory organs, Skin helps protect digestive organs and synthesizes vitamin D for calcium absorption, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and other lymphatic tissue defend against entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipids; and lymphatic vessels transport lipids to bloodstream, Skeletal muscles support and protect abdominal organs, Sensory and motor neurons help regulate secretions and muscle contractions in the digestive tract, Respiratory organs provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, Bones help protect and support digestive organs, Kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form, allowing calcium absorption in the small intestine, Apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine and transverse colon; a site of fat deposition in people who are overweight, Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and inferior border of the diaphragm, Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver; provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver, Vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and anchoring all of the small intestine except the initial portion (the duodenum), Attaches two portions of the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall, Identify the organs of the alimentary canal from proximal to distal, and briefly state their function, Identify the accessory digestive organs and briefly state their function, Describe the four fundamental tissue layers of the alimentary canal, Contrast the contributions of the enteric and autonomic nervous systems to digestive system functioning, Explain how the peritoneum anchors the digestive organs. Aggressive surgery, improvements in anesthesia safety, the advance of critical care expertise, and antibiotics have greatly improved the mortality rate from this condition. All digestive organs play integral roles in the life-sustaining process of digestion. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. The accessory digestive structures include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) lies in the submucosal layer and is responsible for regulating digestive secretions and reacting to the presence of food (see Figure 23.3). ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Individual Components of the Gastrointestinal System Oral cavity The oral cavity or mouth is responsible for the intake of food. Mucosa - Circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer are the two sublayers. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract contain layers of muscles, enabling their walls to move food through the tract by a process called peristalsis, allowing for the . Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. These enteric neurons are grouped into two plexuses. A: The alimentary canal is defined as the narrow muscular tube by which food enters and solid wastes Q: From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of the digestive tract are made of the same four A: The digestive tract consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. There are two types of epithelial membranes, mucous membrane and serous membrane. the pyloric sphincter. The fibers lie parallel, in a longitudinal view of the digestive tract, the fibers of the superficial circular layer appear as round balls, the fibers of the deep longitudinal layer are spindle-shaped. Describe the orientation of smooth muscle fibers in the muscularis externa of the digestive tract. Hemorrhagic peritonitis occurs after a ruptured tubal pregnancy or traumatic injury to the liver or spleen fills the peritoneal cavity with blood. Inflammation of the peritoneum is called peritonitis. While the colon has two layers like the small intestine, its longitudinal layer is segregated into three narrow parallel bands, the tenia coli, which make it look like a series of pouches rather than a simple tube. Chemical peritonitis can develop any time the wall of the alimentary canal is breached, allowing the contents of the lumen entry into the peritoneal cavity. The secretions of the associated glandular organs, such as the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder, aid the GI tract in accomplishing these functions. The mucosa consists of the epitheliumitself and also the supporting loose connective tissue, called lamina propria, immediately beneath the epithelium.